Python Performance Patterns

Experiment Overview

Context

After a performance audit identified 40+ issues, we needed to prioritize which fixes were safe to implement without extensive testing. These patterns are low-risk, high-reward optimizations.

Pattern 1: @lru_cache for File Metadata

Problem: Functions that check file types open files repeatedly.

Before (3-5 file opens per call):

def get_img_type(img_f):
    is_ome = check_is_ome(img_f)      # Opens file
    can_use_vips = check_to_use_vips(img_f)  # Opens file
    can_use_openslide = check_to_use_openslide(img_f)  # Opens file

After (cached after first call):

from functools import lru_cache

@lru_cache(maxsize=256)
def check_is_ome(src_f):
    # ... implementation

@lru_cache(maxsize=256)
def check_to_use_vips(src_f):
    # ... implementation

@lru_cache(maxsize=256)
def get_img_type(img_f):
    # ... implementation

Speedup: 3-5x for batch file operations

Safe because: File metadata doesn't change during a session

Pattern 2: Vectorized Overlap Matrix

Problem: O(n²) nested loop for pixel-by-pixel counting.

Before:

overlap = np.zeros((max_label1 + 1, max_label2 + 1), dtype=np.int32)
for i in range(labels1.shape[0]):
    for j in range(labels1.shape[1]):
        l1 = labels1[i, j]
        l2 = labels2[i, j]
        overlap[l1, l2] += 1

After:

overlap = np.zeros((max_label1 + 1, max_label2 + 1), dtype=np.int64)
np.add.at(overlap, (labels1.ravel(), labels2.ravel()), 1)

Speedup: 5-10x for large label arrays

Safe because: Mathematically equivalent, uses NumPy built-in

Pattern 3: argpartition for Top-K

Problem: Full sort when only need k smallest/largest values.

Before (O(n log n)):

neighbor_indices = np.argsort(distances[i])[1:n_neighbors+1]

After (O(n)):

neighbor_indices = np.argpartition(distances[i], n_neighbors+1)[1:n_neighbors+1]

Speedup: 3-5x for large arrays

Safe because: Returns same indices, just not sorted (usually fine for k-NN)

Caveat: If you need the k values in sorted order, add a second sort on just k elements.

Pattern 4: Parallel Image Loading

Problem: Sequential I/O when loading many images.

Before:

img_list = [io.imread(os.path.join(src_dir, f)) for f in img_f_list]

After:

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor

img_paths = [os.path.join(src_dir, f) for f in img_f_list]
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=min(8, len(img_paths))) as executor:
    img_list = list(executor.map(io.imread, img_paths))

Speedup: 10-20x for 50+ images

Safe because: Image reads are independent, thread-safe

Pattern 5: Single Directory Scan

Problem: Multiple glob calls scan directory repeatedly.

Before (5 filesystem scans):

patterns = ["*.tif", "*.tiff", "*.zarr", "*.ome.tif", "*.ome.tiff"]
for pattern in patterns:
    for f in cycle_dir.glob(pattern):
        process(f)

After (1 filesystem scan):

valid_extensions = {".tif", ".tiff", ".zarr"}
valid_suffixes = {".ome.tif", ".ome.tiff"}
for f in cycle_dir.iterdir():
    suffix_lower = f.suffix.lower()
    name_lower = f.name.lower()
    if suffix_lower in valid_extensions or any(name_lower.endswith(s) for s in valid_suffixes):
        process(f)

Speedup: 2-3x for directories with many files

Safe because: Same files matched, just more efficiently

Failed Attempts (Critical)

Priority Matrix

When NOT to Apply These Patterns

1. @lru_cache: Don't cache if function has side effects or file might change
2. argpartition: Don't use if you need results in sorted order
3. ThreadPoolExecutor: Don't use for CPU-bound operations (use ProcessPoolExecutor)
4. Removing copies: Don't remove if downstream code modifies the array

Key Insights

• Start with I/O optimizations - biggest wins with lowest risk
• Vectorization beats loops in NumPy, always
• Profile before optimizing - intuition is often wrong
• Test numerical accuracy after optimization, not just correctness

References

• NumPy performance tips documentation
• Python concurrent.futures documentation
• KINTSUGI Performance Audit (2025-12-12)